PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS: YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW

The article examines the evolution of personal computer operating systems from early developments associated with the Unix family to the current state of the software market. The situation in the Russian Federation is analyzed under conditions of sanctions pressure and the withdrawal of foreign vendors, particularly Microsoft, which has limited access to cloud services and updates for Windows and Office. The main characteristics of Russian operating systems, including Alt Linux, Astra Linux, RED OS, Elbrus, and ROSA, are described. It is noted that most domestic solutions are based on the Linux kernel, which makes it possible to achieve relative independence from foreign software, although it requires adaptation of the code to current regulatory requirements. The key difficulties of transition to domestic platforms are identified, including differences in interfaces and control principles, insufficient technical support, documentation issues, and the lack of full-fledged analogues for a number of specialized software products. Possible approaches to solving compatibility problems are considered, including the use of terminal servers in the migration of critical applications. The article concludes that gradual replacement of foreign software products is possible provided that state support continues, domestic microelectronics develops, and competition among Russian developers is maintained.